Kim Jong Un and Vladimir Putin held their second summit at Russia's Vostochny Cosmodrome, following a secretive buildup.

North Korea launched short-range ballistic missiles just hours before the summit, seen as a show of defiance.

The summit is raising concerns about potential arms and defense technology deals between Russia and North Korea.

Russia has been seeking ammunition replenishment after its invasion of Ukraine, while North Korea is interested in Russian technology for its nuclear and missile programs.

The US is concerned that any arms deal between Russia and North Korea would violate UN Security Council resolutions.

The summit provides an opportunity for Putin and Kim to coordinate their positions on nuclear issues and seek economic cooperation amid Western sanctions.